Using Mademoiselle and Miss in French

The French courtesy title mademoiselle (pronounced mad-moi-zell) is a traditional way of  addressing young and unmarried women. But this form of address,  literally translated as my young lady, is also considered sexist by some people, and in recent years the French government has banned its use in official documents. Despite this sentiment, some still use  mademoiselle  in conversation, especially in formal situations or among older speakers. Usage There are three honorifics commonly used in French, and they function much the way Mr., Mrs., and Miss do in American English. Men of all ages, married or single, are addressed as monsieur. Married women are addressed as madame, as are older women. Young and unmarried women are addressed as  mademoiselle.  As in English, these titles are capitalized when used in conjunction with a persons name. They are also capitalized when functioning as proper pronouns in French and can be abbreviated: Monsieur M.Madame Mme.Mademoiselle Mlle Unlike English, where the honorific Ms. can be used to address women regardless of age or marital status, there is no equivalent in French. Today, youll still hear  mademoiselle  being used, though usually by older French speakers for whom the term is still traditional. It is also occasionally used in formal situations. Most younger French speakers do not use the term, particularly in large cities like Paris. Guidebooks sometimes advise visitors to avoid using the term as well. Instead, use  monsieur  and  madame  in all cases. Controversy In 2012  the French government officially banned the use of mademoiselle for  all government documents. Instead,  madame  would be used for women of any age and marital status. Likewise, the terms  nom de jeune fille  (maiden name) and  nom dà ©pouse  (married name) would be replaced by  nom de famille  and  nom dusage, respectively.   This move wasnt entirely unexpected. The French government had considered doing the same thing back in 1967 and again in 1974. In 1986 a law was passed allowing married women and men to use the legal name of their choice on official documents. And in 2008 the city of Rennes eliminated the use of  mademoiselle  on all official paperwork. Four years later, the campaign to make this change official on a national level had gained momentum. Two  feminist groups, Osez le fà ©minisme! (Dare to be feminist!) and Les Chiennes de Garde (The watchdogs), lobbied the government for months and are credited with persuading Prime Minister Franà §ois Fillon to support the cause. On Feb. 21, 2012, Fillon issued an official decree banning the word. Sources Darrieussecq, Marie. Madame, Mademoiselle: In  France These Are About Sex, not Respect. TheGuardian.com, 24 February 2012.Samuel, Henry. Mademoiselle Banned on Official French Forms. Telegraph.co.uk, 22 February 2012.Sayre, Scott. ‘Mademoiselle’ Exits Official France. NYTimes.com, 22 February 2012.

Which Branch of Government is more Powerful - 1162 Words

There are many debates concerning which branch of government is more powerful. I honestly thought the executive branch was the least powerful of all three, but James Wilson lists a lot of reasons to think otherwise. The argument that the President and the Executive branch is the most powerful is still up in the air, but there are three strong reasons why the President and Executive branch is the most powerful at the moment. The president and the vice president are the only officials elected by the whole nation. The president is also head of state, as well as the chief executive of the government. The first reason why the executive branch is the most powerful is the power to persuade. The power to persuade alone is a huge reason why the president is powerful. What is even more powerful is who you persuade. The president tries to persuade three specific audiences: Washington D.C, party activists and office holders outside of Washington and the public. Persuasion is a huge deal because it gets people on your side, obviously. If the president can get the â€Å"right† people to go with his ideas, it creates a chain reaction. For example, in the movie â€Å"Lincoln†, Abraham Lincoln persuades people in office not really decided on what they feel about slavery. Same thing goes today. The president persuades three audiences and Washington is the most important. If the president has a bill that wants to get passed, he has to persuade the people of Washington to support him.Show MoreRelatedU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1453 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinct separation of powers amongst the three branches of government. But, even with this system of checks and balances in place, it is evident that the 3 branches are not equal, and that congress is significantly more powerful than both the executive and judicial branches of government. 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The branches are vital to America s socialRead MoreThe Executive Branch Is The Strongest, Most Capable, And1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe executive branch is the strongest, most capable, and most important branch of government. The president, as commander in chief, can regulate an entire country’s military and have full oversight of the most deadly weapons available. They have the power to veto bills passed by Congress. They can also establish executive orders without the consent of Congress. Last of all, they have the power to appoint their own cabinet, justices to the Supreme Court, and ambassadors to other countries. Not only

Albert Einstein 5 Essay Example For Students

Albert Einstein 5 Essay Albert EinsteinThroughout the years, Einstein has been regarded as perhaps one of the greatest scientists who ever lived. Everyone knows his theory of relativity, E=mc2. Not everyone knows what it means, but everyone knows it nonetheless. Everyone can also instantly recognize Einstein, who never wore clothes that were as dignified as he was. He was a kind man, a pacifist. He always opted for the peaceful way out. There have been many technological advances since the days of Einstein. And despite some skepticism, the theories he developed 85 years ago are still the most accurate that we have. Einstein comes from humble beginnings, born to a not-so-well-to-do family in Ulm, Germany. He came into this world on March 14, 1879, born to Hermann and Pauline Einstein. Early in life, he showed a great interest in mathematics and the sciences. When he was about eight years old, his father gave him a compass. Einstein wondered why it always pointed north. Einstein lay awake that night in bed wondering how an invisible force could pass through space (Strathern 13). His uncle gave him his first mathematics book and Einstein read it until he could do every problem in the book. In school, Einstein wasnt exactly a teachers pet. The teachers at German school during his childhood prided themselves on behaving like bossy, pedantic sergeant majors; (Strathern 13). Teachers told him he would never amount to anything. Einstein more than proved them wrong. The first years on his own were the roughest for Einstein. He was unable to keep a job and wasnt credited enough for anyone to believe his theorems, yet. He married Mileva Maric in 1902 and they had their first son, Hans Albert, was born (Magill 1035). Things came together for Einstein in 1905. While working as a patent clerk, he wrote five groundbreaking articles that were published in a major scientific newsletter of the time. The first paper, titled, On A Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light,; would earn him a Nobel Prize for physics in 1922. His second paper was titled, A Determination on the Sized of Molecules.; His third, On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, according to the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat.; His fourth paper was an important one. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies; was his first paper on relativity. In this paper was his special theory of relativity and the fourth dimension (time). In his last paper of 1905 he stated the ever-famous formula, E=mc2, saying that mass and energy are equivalent. These papers made him known throughout the scientific world. He was offered honorary doctorate degrees from many colleges, some of which would not even let him into their college when Einstein had applied. He taught at many different schools. He did not like it because between teaching, grading papers, and helping students (which he loved to do) he did not have the time to work on his ideas. In 1914, he took a job at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He was now at the top of his profession. And most important of all, he now had the time to work on more revolutionary papers. Einstein completed his general theory of relativity in 1915, after nearly ten years of work. In 1919, British astrophysicist, Arthur Eddington, photographed a solar eclipse. It revealed the light emitted from the stars was being bent as it passed close to the sun (Strathern 81). This confirmed Einste ins general theory of relativity, and he was catapulted to stardom overnight. Soon Einstein became a household name. In 1919, he divorced Mileva and married his cousin, Elsa Lowenthal. Einstein won many awards afterwards, and for the rest of his life. Some of which included the English Royal Societys Copley Medal, the Royal Astronomical Societys Gold Medal, the first German Max Planck Medal, and the Nobel Prize for physics (Swisher 62). Around this time, Hitler and Germany were becoming a world power. In 1932, Einstein and Elsa fled Germany never to return again. In 1940, eight years after fleeing Germany, Elsa and Einstein became citizens of the United States of America. Einstein became a friend and colleague of President Roosevelt. He

Temperate Deciduous Forest Essays - Forests, Habitats,

Temperate Deciduous Forest Location Deciduous forests are located in the eastern half of North America, and the middle of Europe. There are many deciduous forests in Asia. Some of the major areas are southwest Russia, Japan, and eastern China. South America has two big areas of deciduous forests in southern Chile and Middle East coast of Paraguay. There are deciduous forests located in New Zealand, and southeastern Australia also FACTS 1. The average annual temperature in a deciduous forest is 50 F. The average rainfall is 30 to 60 inches a year. 2. In the autumn the leaves change color. During the winter months the trees lose their leaves. 3. The taiga and the temperate deciduous forest overlap. Animals There are plenty of animals in this biome such as birds like broad-winged hawks, cardinals, snowy owls, and pileated woodpeckers are found in this biome. Mammals in North American temperate deciduous forests include white-tailed deer, raccoons, opossums, porcupines and red foxes. Climate The average temperature of the forest is about 50 degrees F. The average amount of rainfall in the forest is 30 to 60 inches a year. As the seasons change, so do the colors of the leaves of the deciduous. During the winter months water is generally not available to keep the leaves of some plants alive.

Economic Factors That Explain Britains Total Domination of India during the First One Hundred Years of British Rule

Introduction Britain’s main aim of colonizing other countries was to get raw materials for its industries at home and to get markets for their already manufactured goods. Generally, they aimed at developing their mother country with no interest of the wellbeing of the countries they colonized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Factors That Explain Britain’s Total Domination of India during the First One Hundred Years of British Rule specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They considered India more in bettering their own economic considerations. Their economic interests in India began early in the 16th century with the advent of the British East Company. At that time India was ruled by the Mughal emperors and they allowed British to enter their country. The allowance of British to India this termed as the beginning of British control of India’s economy. They were in full control of all that w as coming out or into the country. The British dominated India and they satisfied all their interests1. Discussion Land settlements By the time the British entered India, they had founded the British East Company. Through this company, the British controlled various sides of the country’s economy. Consequently, they gained more power and they began carrying out other tasks on behalf of the Mughal emperor like tax collection. As the interactions increased between the two, the British could join the military in India. Unbelievably, what was true is that the Indians capital was been fled to Britain. When they began enjoying these freedoms from the Mughal emperor, they began constructing railways, canals, roads and cities in India. The British’s aim in doing this was to lure the thinking of the Indians thoughts so that they could perceive the British rule with positivity. All these strategies were aimed at developing the British with no benefit to the Indians. The British were therefore fully settled in India and they began accomplishing their mission.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Growth of intermediary interest in Land As the British settled in India, they were interested much on the land. It was fertile and they therefore opted to practice agriculture. They enlarged their settlement and covered almost all parts of the country. They settled mostly on the highland areas where rain was adequate and the soils were fertile. As they were spreading in the country they were able to learn all the features in the country and this later helped them to practice agriculture. Commercialization of Agriculture After the British had spread their settlement in India, they began practicing agriculture. Their aim in doing this was to get raw materials for their home country industries. Agriculture was commercialized as plantations and estates were intro duced. Most of the crops were cash crops that were required by the industries in Britain. As agriculture grew in India, the desires of the British were been satisfied while the Indians were been exploited economically2. Growth of agricultural laborers With increase in agriculture, more laborers were required to work in the farms. The Indians became the workers in the farms. They were overworked by the British and they were also given low wages that could not sustain them. The British acted as the owners of the land using Indians as workers and this was total dominance of India by the British. The British were only supervisors in the farms. Destruction of handicrafts and cottage industries The British made an extra effort of brainwashing the Indians by slowly doing away with their culture. This was done as they occasionally destroyed monuments and books that enriched the Indian heritage. As they began introducing their own culture, they were also creating more time to remain in India hence fully exploit them economically3.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Factors That Explain Britain’s Total Domination of India during the First One Hundred Years of British Rule specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The old industries in India where destroyed as new ones grew with the interests of the British. The Indians were therefore blind folded and they thought their country was developing of which it was not. Later after the great efforts by the British to lure the Indians, they later found that the Indians still knew their heritage through some of the materials that still existed in Sanskrit language. The British tried to get this translated to English so that they could understand. The learners were also given more examples of western than their own Indian examples. This always aimed at confronting the learners that English was the right. More time was created and they continued enjoying ma ssive benefits from the Indians4. Drain of wealth The British made further efforts to make the young minds have the idea that India had no known civilization and so everything was known to come from the British. Earlier the Indians had greater civilization that was even acknowledged by the Europeans who were there before the British. As the exports came out of the country they were taken to the industries in Britain, the wealth of the Indians was therefore been drained to Britain. This was a form of dominance as the Britain got all the benefits. Conclusion The British used various strategies to lure the Indians so that they could get enough time to develop their mother country. Through their company, British East Company, they controlled the exports in India and also collected taxes. This company out ruled the Mughal emperor that was in rule and they brought in western culture. It was hard to outcome the deep Indian heritage but they did it with prowess. The Indians thought that the y were surviving because of the British but it was vice versa5.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bibliography Oxford Business Group. The report: Malaysia 2007. London: Oxford, 2007. Riddick, John. The history of British India: A chronology. Pennsylvania: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Print. Footnotes Oxford Business Group. The report: Malaysia 2007. London: Oxford, 2007. Oxford Business Group. The report: Malaysia 2007. London: Oxford, 2007. John, Riddick. The history of British India: A chronology. Pennsylvania: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Print. Oxford Business Group. The report: Malaysia 2007. London: Oxford, 2007. Oxford Business Group. The report: Malaysia 2007. 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College Degrees Essays - Bachelors Degrees, Vocational Education

College Degrees Essays - Bachelors Degrees, Vocational Education College Degrees INTRODUCTION Many adults who graduate from high school immediately enter careers that do not require a college degree. Indeed, the majority of the adult population of the United States of America does not have college degrees. And the lack of degree is not a stigma. Vocations usually do not require degrees. Certainly the many trade vocations in the building industry do not require college degrees, but instead either vocational training, on-the-job training, and combinations of both. The same applies to manufacturing, clerical, retail, and service positions. And one does not need a degree, college, nor indeed high school, to become President of the United States, or any other elected official! A degree is usually required for professional positions, such as physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, accountants, teachers, among others. Many professions require advanced degrees, like masters, and doctoral degrees. There may come a time, however, when an adult who is working full- time decides that it is time to pursue a college degree. There may be several reasons for such a conclusion. Many job descriptions in business and industry specify that a certain degree is required for advancement. Perhaps an airplane mechanic would like to be promoted to a management position that requires a college degree. Or a bookkeeper may wish to become an accountant. Or a nurse may desire a bachelor degree, beyond her R.N. certification; indeed, more hospitals are now requiring that their nurses hold bachelor, and in some cases master degrees. How does a nurse, or bookkeeper, or airplane mechanic who is employed full-time pursue the required college course work that will lead to a fully accredited bachelor degree without taking up residency in a college full-time four years? FULLY ACCREDITED Fully accredited without residency is the objective of the pursuit of a non-traditional college degree. A college must be validated by one of six regional accreditation associations approved by the United States Department of Education in order to grant full accredited degrees. The six associations are: New England Association of Schools and Colleges Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. North Central Association of Colleges and Schools Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Western Association of Schools and Colleges All of the colleges and universities in this country that offer fully accredited degrees do so by authority of one of the above geographical associations. There are several colleges that offer bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees that do not come under the authority of a regional accreditation association. Some of these colleges are authorized to offer degrees by the states in which they reside, mostly in California, Hawaii, Missouri, and Louisiana. However, degrees from these colleges are usually not recognized as bona-fide by most business, industry, and professional organizations that require college degrees as a requirement for employment. Therefore, this report will deal with the limited number of colleges in the United States that will grant a fully-accredited bachelor degree without any residency requirement. There are many other colleges that offer alternate college degrees to adults, but have a short, medium, or extensive residency requirement. These colleges will not be covered in this report. For those interested in colleges with limited residency requirements, they will find useful a manual by John Bear, Ph.D., College Degrees by Mail, [See Recommended Reading at the conclusion of this report]. REQUIREMENTS FOR A BACHELOR DEGREE There are many Bachelor programs that can be pursued, among them: Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Bachelor of Science in Applied Science and Technology, Bachelor of Science in Human Services, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, and other programs that may be specifically designed by the student and college. Most bachelor programs include specializations, such as Bachelor of Arts in Journalism, Bachelor of Science in Aviation. Usually, 120 semester hours of credit are required for a degree. Typically, one college course, like Algebra, is worth three semester hours. Therefore, it is likely that 40 courses, each worth three semester hours will be required for a degree. This may sound simple, but it really isn't. Virtually all colleges require proper distribution of credits. One cannot take 40 of the easiest courses and walk away with a degree. There are core subjects that are required, as English, Mathematics, History, Literature, Sociology, Psychology, Philosophy. English subjects include

Port And Shipping Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Port And Shipping Logistics - Essay Example Shipping is also not restricted to the availability of infrastructure on the seas as ships ply on shipping lanes on the seas that are merely imaginary lines drawn on the seas. Air transportation is also free from any infrastructure requirements, but the volume of freight that can be handled is extremely limited. In essence, the difference between shipping and other forms of transport is the flexibility that shipping offers in that it can carry small and very large volumes of freight across all seas and oceans. In these times when pollution and global warming come to the fore, the comparison of the various forms transportation in this regard is also useful. Road transport is the most polluting and the largest contributor to global warming of any form of transportation. Air transport is next in line with regard to pollution and contributing to global warming, while rail transport is the least polluting. It is only shipping that contributes to global cooling because the gases that emitt ed by shipping like SO2 and NOX are positive coolants. Therefore increased shipping does not pose pollution or global warming issues. The hub and spoke logistic model is cost-effective for moving small volumes of goods to and from locations through consolidation and transshipment. Short shipping offers the means of reaching goods to any port in a region by the use of small shipping vessels, thereby creating new opportunities for shipping to minimize road haulage, with the difficulties, are faced in the transportation of goods by road.